De la epidemiología de la actividad física a la epidemiología crítica de las prácticas corporales: una propuesta desde Latinoamérica.

This essay aims to analyze the epidemiology of physical activity as a practical and epistemological field in dispute, based on the theoretical framework of international critical epidemiology. From this scientific point of view, the epidemiology of physical activity is radically marked by epistemological-health colonialism. This brand is expressed in the theoretical-practical distance from critical epidemiological thinking formulated in the global south, producing an artificial regional dependency and deep frustration in those who want to generate transformations in contemporary ways of living. It is suggested that a critical epidemiology of body practices is possible and necessary. In other words, the epidemiology developed in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean can dialectically understand the determination, distribution and social reproduction of the phenomenon of bodily practices, since it resumes its critical formulations and intercultural science.

Vidas bagaços! Os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes nos canaviais de São Paulo e da Bahia / Bagasse lives! The vulnerability processes faced by migrant workers in the sugarcane fields of São Paulo and Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo: compreender os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros diante do avanço da mecanização. Métodos: abordagem qualitativa pautada na abordagem metodológica da Reprodução Social da Saúde proposta por Juan Samaja, nas dimensões biocumunal, tecnoeconômica e política. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros no período de abril de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: na dimensão tecnoeconômica verificou-se que na usina A o trabalhador se tornou polivalente, com a presença do trabalho em equipe e a introdução de tecnologias para aumentar o controle do trabalho. Na usina B, os trabalhadores encontram piores condições de trabalho devido à irrigação, à irregularidade dos terrenos, à presença de pedras e à exposição às queimadas. Na dimensão biocomunal, foram identificados potencialização dos acidentes, uso de agrotóxicos, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e problemas cardiovasculares. Na dimensão política, foi observada a precariedade da assistência à saúde do trabalhador canavieiro. Conclusão: a intensificação da mecanização na colheita de cana-de-açúcar não melhorou as condições de trabalho dos cortadores, ao contrário, provocou a perpetuação de velhos e a inserção de novos processos de vulnerabilização.

Abstract Objective: to understand the processes of vulnerability faced by sugarcane migrant workers in the face of advancing mechanization. Methods: this study adopts a qualitative approach based on the biocommunity, techno-economic and political dimensions of the social reproduction of health proposed by Juan Samaja. In total, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sugarcane migrant workers in the period from April 2020 to December 2021. Results: in the techno-economic dimension, it was found that in Mill A workers have become polyvalent, with the presence of teamwork and the introduction of technologies to increase work control. In Mill B, the workers identified worse working conditions due to irrigation, irregular terrain, rocky geography, and exposure to burnings. In the biocommunity dimension, the greater chance of accidents, the use of pesticides, hydroelectrolytic disorders and cardiovascular problems were identified. In the political dimension the precariousness of health care for sugarcane workers was identified. Conclusion: the intensification of mechanization in sugarcane harvesting has not improved the life of sugarcane workers, on the contrary, it has caused the perpetuation of old vulnerabilities and the insertion of new ones.

Social determination of malaria in pregnancy in Colombia: a critical ethnographic study.

BACKGROUND: The meanings and experiences related to malaria in pregnancy (MiP) and its processes of social determination of health (PSDH) have not been reported in the world scientific literature. The objective was to understand the meanings and experiences of MiP, and to explain their PSDH in an endemic area from Colombia, 2022. METHODS: Critical ethnography with 46 pregnant women and 31 healthcare workers. In-depth and semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, participant and non-participant observations, and field diaries were applied. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis, saturation and triangulation was carried out. The methodological rigor criteria were reflexivity, credibility, auditability, and transferability. RESULTS: At the singular level, participants indicated different problems in antenatal care and malaria control programmes, pregnant women were lacking knowledge about MiP, and malaria care was restricted to cases with high obstetric risk. Three additional levels that explain the PSDH of MiP were identified: (i) limitations of malaria control policies, and health-system, geographic, cultural and economic barriers by MiP diagnosis and treatment; (ii) problems of public health programmes and antenatal care; (iii) structural problems such as monetary poverty, scarcity of resources for public health and inefficiency in their use, lacking community commitment to preventive actions, and breach of institutional responsibilities of health promoter entity, municipalities and health services provider institutions. CONCLUSION: Initiatives for MiP control are concentrated at the singular level, PDSH identified in this research show the need to broaden the field of action, increase health resources, and improve public health programmes and antenatal care. It is also necessary to impact the reciprocal relationships of MiP with economic and cultural dimensions, although these aspects are increasingly diminished with the predominance and naturalization of neoliberal logic in health.

Rethinking and Decolonizing Theories, Policies, and Practice of Health from the Global South.

This article states the need to decolonize the theories, policies, and practices that dominate health, and reflects on the necessity for a new epistemology built from the Global South. This allows rethinking health with a new categorical framework, which incorporates socially determined health and life, with the optic of reaching the highest conceivable degree of living well/well-living. We put forth that the epistemic bases of epidemiology and the implementation of health systems tend to reproduce a coloniality of power and of established health knowledge. Health systems are viewed as an accumulation of reforms based on theories and policies of the Global North imposed on Latin America and the Caribbean. These systems have been built as bureaucratic, biomedicalized, treatment-oriented, and commercialized health systems that are perceived as external to societies and that reproduce mistreatment, violence, and racism. We make the argument to rethink, remake, and decolonize the theories and practices that govern both epidemiology and health systems, and, from the South, develop strategic processes for building health sovereignty as the vision for the reconstruction of hope and social justice.

Determinación del Derecho a Salud bucal: mujeres postparto e hijos en Santiago de Chile

Comprender desde la determinación social de la salud el papel de los procesos generales, particulares y singulares sobre la realización del derecho a salud bucal de mujeres en periodo de post-parto en Santiago de Chile. Diseño cualitativo exploratorio con mujeres primíparas o multíparas en primer trimestre postparto, beneficiarias FONASA usuarias de Chile Crece Contigo. Se aplicó encuesta de clasificación social, exámenes clínicos, entrevistas semiestructuradas o grupos de discusión. Para el nivel general se analizó profusa información referencial. Existen procesos generales que favorecen la realización del derecho a salud bucal como las políticas de protección integral a la infancia, la priorización de la atención en salud en gestantes; la existencia de derechos adquiridos para la embarazada: permiso pre y post natal y fuero maternal. Desfavorece el modelo de desarrollo neoliberal y consecuentes condiciones de pobreza, la inequidad de género y el énfasis cultural en la responsabilidad femenina sobre el cuidado. Los procesos críticos actúan en los tres niveles del modelo teórico. Si bien en el nivel particular se identifica un avance en las políticas públicas, este no redunda en una efectiva realización del derecho a nivel singular pues enfrenta elementos estructurales del nivel general, sobre todo en el ámbito laboral y cultural.

Objective: To understand from the framework of social determination of health the role of general, particular and singular processes in the realization of the right to oral health for women in the postpartum period and their newborn children during the first year of life, in Santiago de Chile. Materials and Methods: Exploratory qualitative design with FONASA beneficiary women and newborn children. A social classification survey, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were applied to primiparous or multiparous women of childbearing age in the first postpartum trimester, beneficiaries of the Intersectoral Program ÒChile Crece ContigoÓ. Discussion: For the general level, extensive reference information was analyzed. Results: Some general processes favor the realization of the right to oral health, such as comprehensive protection policies for children, the dynamics of the health care system, and the existence of acquired rights for pregnant women, such as pre and post-natal, and maternity leave. The processes that disfavor its realization are the neoliberal development model, the conditions of poverty, gender inequity (income, employment/unemployment) and cultural factors such as the emphasis on female responsibility for care. Conclusions: The critical processes for the realization of the right to oral health act at the three levels of the theoretical model. There is an advance in public policies at the individual level. However, this does not result in an effective realization of the right at a singular level since it confronts structural elements of the general level, especially in the work and cultural field.

Structural competency, Latin American social medicine, and collective health: Exploring shared lessons through the work of Jaime Breilh.

ABSTRACTStructural competency is a recent framework for understanding and addressing the structural drivers of disease. Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health is a decades-long movement similarly concerned with the study and transformation of social structures to achieve health equity. In this paper, we put insights from Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health into conversation with the developing structural competency framework. We focus specifically on insights from Jaime Breilh's new article summarising his theoretical work on medical ethics and rights in this special issue and his new book, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health. This paper is comprised of three parts. Part 1 provides an introduction to the structural competency framework. Part 2 provides an overview of the Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health movement, along with a summary of the social determination of health paradigm. Part 3 places insights from these works into conversation with structural competency and considers ways in which Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health might inform the further development of structural competency, and potentially vice versa. The paper closes by calling for greater attention to Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health among those committed to health equity within the anglophone world.

Determinação social da hanseníase e o racismo brasileiro / Social determination of leprosy and Brazilian racism

A hanseníase permanece sendo um problema de saúde pública e com alta taxa de transmissibilidade e incidência em países de baixa e média renda, tornando-os endêmicos. Por serem poucos os estudos sobre a epidemiologia, ainda há grande dificuldade na intervenção e definição dos grupos alvo da doença, assim, aprofundar sobre se mostra importante para o combatê-la. O Brasil é o segundo maior país com números de casos de hanseníase, ficando atrás apenas da Índia, por isso, estudos no país são cruciais. A partir de uma revisão narrativa, foi investigado o perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase no Brasil e a sua relação com a desigualdade social. Partindo disso, foram relacionados dados sobre a vulnerabilidade social de pessoas negras no Brasil e o fato disto coincidir com os dados epidemiológicos de risco de hanseníase no país. Para isso, utilizou-se como orientação deste trabalho, os conceitos de determinação social da saúde e racismo estrutural. Por fim, a partir do conceito de necropolítica, a revisão relacionou esses dados coincidentes intencionando discutir se a hanseníase é uma doença negligenciada ou são as pessoas acometidas os negligenciados. As conclusões foram que há possibilidade de conexão entre os dados da epidemiologia da hanseníase no Brasil e a desigualdade social e racial do país; que o conceito de necropolítica é válido e possibilita um aprofundamento na discussão sobre hanseníase e negligência; e que é importante que hajam medidas de reparação histórica quando falamos de desigualdade racial, como a busca por um cenário político mais equitativo

Leprosy remains a public health problem and with a high rate of transmissibility and incidence in low- and middle-income countries, making them endemic. Because there are few studies on epidemiology, there is still great difficulty in intervening and defining the target groups of the disease, thus, going deeper into it is important to combat it. Brazil is the second largest country with numbers of leprosy cases, second only to India, therefore, studies in the country are crucial. Based on a narrative review, the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Brazil and its relationship with social inequality were investigated. Based on this, data on the social vulnerability of black people in Brazil were related and the fact that this coincides with epidemiological data on the risk of leprosy in the country. For this, the concepts of social determination of health and structural racism were used as guidelines for this work. Finally, from the concept of necropolitics, the review related these coincident data intending to discuss whether is leprosy a neglected disease or are the people affected the neglected. The conclusions were that there is a possibility of connection between data on the epidemiology of leprosy in Brazil and the country's social and racial inequality; that the concept of necropolitics is valid and allows for a deeper discussion on leprosy and neglect; and that it is important that there are historical reparation measures when we talk about racial inequality as the search for a more equitable political scenario

Desastre socioambiental de Mariana: implicações nas condições de saúde da população atingida e no processo de trabalho dos serviços de saúde / Mariana socio-environmental disaster: implications for the health conditions of the affected population and the work process of health services

O desastre socioambiental, ocorrido em Mariana, em consequência do rompimento da barragem de Fundão da mineradora Samarco, devastou as comunidades de Bento Rodrigues e de Paracatu de Baixo provocando perdas e danos que podem se desdobrar ao longo do tempo, produzindo efeitos profundos na saúde, no meio ambiente, bem como no contexto de vida e trabalho. Com isso, busca-se analisar o processo saúde-doença e o processo de trabalho nos serviços de saúde destinados à população atingida pelo desastre socioambiental em Mariana. Trata-se de um estudo de caso conduzido pela abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, cujo cenário é Mariana, onde se encontram as comunidades diretamente atingidas pelo rompimento da barragem de rejeito de mineração. As fontes de evidências utilizadas foram documentos de domínio público e entrevistas com profissionais de saúde e gestores. Foram escolhidas intencionalmente a Unidade de Saúde de Bento Rodrigues e o dispositivo Conviver, por atenderem exclusivamente as famílias vítimas do desastre. Participaram da pesquisa onze profissionais de saúde e três gestores. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estratégia de proposições teóricas à luz da teoria de Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença. Os resultados revelaram as implicações do desastre nas condições sociais, econômicas, culturais e sobretudo na saúde da população atingida, com consequências relacionadas aos agravos respiratórios e os ocasionados por veiculação hídrica ou contato com a lama toxica de rejeito, e os casos depressivos e demais transtornos psicossociais que intensificaram o sofrimento crônico da população. Já as implicações do desastre no processo de trabalho nos serviços de atendimento exclusivo aos atingidos, evidenciam uma (re)organização do sistema de saúde, o qual enfrentou dificuldades estruturais tanto na fase emergencial quanto de recuperação pós-desastre. Destaca-se que embora os instrumentos do processo de trabalho utilizados pelos profissionais de saúde e gestores, são capazes de acolher, estimular práticas mais integradas e que transcendem a intervenção apenas nos corpos biológicos, ainda assim não são capazes de suprir as necessidades mediadas de saúde dos atingidos, não promovendo respostas às necessidades políticas, sociais e econômicas no que tange à reparação, à indenização e os direitos da população atingida.

The socio-environmental disaster that occurred in Mariana, because of the collapse of the Samarco mining company's Fundão dam, devastated the communities of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo, causing losses and damages that can unfold over time, producing profound effects on health, in the environment, as well as in the context of life and work. With this, we seek to analyze the health-disease process and the work process in health services intended for the population affected by the socio-environmental disaster in Mariana. This is a case study conducted using a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory approach, whose setting is Mariana, where the communities directly affected by the collapse of the mining tailings dam are located. The sources of evidence used were public domain documents and interviews with health professionals and managers. The Bento Rodrigues Health Unit and the Conviver device were intentionally chosen, as they exclusively serve families who were victims of the disaster. Eleven health professionals and three managers participated in the research. The data were analyzed using the strategy of theoretical propositions in light of the theory of Social Determination of the HealthDisease Process. The results revealed the implications of the disaster on social, economic, cultural conditions and above all on the health of the affected population, with consequences related to respiratory problems and those caused by water transport or contact with toxic waste sludge, and depressive cases and other disorders, psychosocial problems that intensified the chronic suffering of the population. The implications of the disaster on the work process in services providing exclusive care to those affected highlight a (re) organization of the health system, which faced structural difficulties in both the emergency and postdisaster recovery phases. It is noteworthy that although the work process instruments used by health professionals and managers are capable of welcoming and stimulating more integrated practices, that transcend intervention only in biological bodies, they are still not capable of meeting mediated health needs of those affected, failing to promote responses to political, social and economic needs in terms of reparation, compensation and the rights of the affected population.

Saúde da população em situação de rua: reflexões a partir da determinação social da saúde / Homeless population's health: reflections from the social determination of health

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar reflexões sobre a saúde da população em situação de rua, utilizando o conceito da determinação social do processo saúde-doença como método de análise. O artigo está estruturado em formato ensaístico, sendo organizado em duas seções: a primeira, que apresenta a discussão sobre a saúde dessa população, discorrendo sobre a organização dos serviços de saúde para dar assistência a essas pessoas, seus avanços e entraves. A segunda seção realiza uma análise do processo saúde-doença da população em situação de rua, utilizando o referencial teórico da Saúde Coletiva a partir do conceito da determinação social da saúde. O artigo argumenta que o modelo biomédico tem sido insuficiente para pensar na saúde da população em situação de rua, uma vez que desconsidera a complexidade dessa realidade social. A compreensão do processo saúde-doença como socialmente determinado localiza a saúde como resultando das condições materiais de existência dessa população, as quais são condicionadas pela forma de organização social no modo de produção capitalista. Assim, a determinação social opera como uma importante ferramenta de análise da saúde da população em situação de rua em uma perspectiva de totalidade.

Abstract This article aims to present reflections about the homeless people's health, using the social determination of health-disease process concept as an analysis key. This article in essay format was organized in two sections: the first one presents the discussion about this population's health, indicating to the organization of health services that assist these people, its advances and obstacles; the next section performs an analysis of the health-disease process of the homeless population using the theoretical reference of Collective Health based on the social determination of health concept. The article argues that the biomedical model has been insufficient to think about the health of the homeless population, once it disregards the complexity of this social reality. Understanding the health-disease process as socially determined approaches health as a result of the material conditions of existence of this population, which are conditioned by the form of social production organization in the capitalist production mode. Thus, social determination operates as an important tool to analyze the homeless people's health from a perspective of totality.

Modelo general de la determinación social de la salud para la tuberculosis

Introducción : El avance hacia la eliminación de la tuberculosis en Cuba, depende de la justicia social para las personas afectadas y sus familiares, barrio por barrio, área de salud por área de salud y municipio por municipio. Para potenciar las dimensiones de su determinación social será necesario un modelo de eliminación local asentado en su enfoque general. Objetivo : Describir un modelo general con enfoque sistémico de la determinación social en salud, aplicado a la tuberculosis. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio cualitativo basado en una revisión documental de artículos sobre la determinación social, con diseño de un modelo explicativo, simple para su comprensión, con componentes estructurales, intermedios e individuales para ser adaptado en el tema de la tuberculosis. Resultados : El modelo planteado tiene como entrada la voluntad política, dependiente del poder establecido que determina las políticas públicas, interactuando con las dimensiones intermedias como aspectos centrales y con las dimensiones individuales de carácter sociodemográficas, socioculturales y socioeconómicas. Estas a su vez retroalimentan e influyen nuevamente en la Voluntad política y las Políticas públicas, cerrando el ciclo sistémico. Además, se incluye el control interactivo del sistema. Conclusiones : Además de los modelos planteados en la literatura nacional revisada, abundar en su enfoque sistémico contribuye a facilitar la comprensión del monitoreo de la Determinación social de la tuberculosis por parte del personal encargado de dar sostenibilidad del control hacia la eliminación.

Introduction : Progress towards the tuberculosis elimination in Cuba depends on social justice for the people affected and their families, neighborhood by neighborhood, health area by health area and municipality by municipality. To enhance the dimensions of its social determination, a local elimination model based on its general approach will be necessary. Objective: To describe a general model with a systemic approach to Social determination in health, applied to tuberculosis. Methods : A qualitative study based on a documentary review of articles on social determination was carried out, with the design of an explanatory model, simple for its understanding, with structural, intermediate and individual components to be adapted to the topic of tuberculosis. Results : The proposed model has as input the political will, dependent on the established power that determines public policies, interacting with the intermediate dimensions as central aspects and with the individual dimensions of a sociodemographic, sociocultural and socioeconomic nature. These, in turn, feedback and once again influence the political will and Public policies, closing the systemic cycle. In addition, interactive control of the system is included. Conclusions : In addition to the models proposed in the national literature reviewed, abounding in its systemic approach contributes to facilitate the understanding of the monitoring of the Social determination in health in tuberculosis by the personnel in charge of providing sustainability of control towards elimination.

Desastre socioambiental: condições de saúde dos atingidos na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde e gestores* / Desastre socioambiental: condiciones de salud de los afectados desde la perspectiva de los profesionales y gestores sanitarios / Socio-environmental disaster: the health conditions of those affected from the perspective of healthcare professionals and managers

Objetivo: analisar as condições de saúde da população atingida pelo rompimento da barragem de mineração na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde e gestores. Método: estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado por meio de documentos de domínio público e entrevistas com profissionais de saúde e gestores, entre os meses de março a maio de 2022, totalizando 14 participantes. Os dados foram analisados segundo a estratégia de proposições teóricas à luz da Determinação Social da Saúde. Resultados: considera-se como piora nas condições de saúde em relação aos problemas respiratórios, gastroenterites, obesidade, arboviroses, intensificação do uso de álcool e drogas, e doenças mentais. Destaca-se a perda do trabalho, da casa, e do pertencimento comunitário dos atingidos. Conclusão: o desastre socioambiental foi condicionante para mudanças nas condições de saúde dos atingidos, expondo-os a novos cenários e sobreposição de riscos capazes de modificar a qualidade de vida e agravar as condições de saúde biopsicossociais.

Objective: to analyze the health conditions of the population affected by the mining dam collapse from the perspective of healthcare professionals and managers. Method: this is a qualitative case study, conducted using public domain documents and interviews with healthcare professionals and managers, from March to May 2022, totaling 14 participants. The data were analyzed according to the theoretical propositions strategy based on the Social Determinants of Health. Results: the health conditions of this population have worsened in terms of respiratory problems, gastroenteritis, obesity, arboviruses, increased use of alcohol and drugs, and mental illnesses. The loss of employment, home, and community belonging of those affected is highlighted. Conclusion: the socio-environmental disaster was a conditioning factor for changes in the health conditions of those affected, exposing them to new scenarios and overlapping risks capable of modifying their quality of life and aggravating their biopsychosocial health conditions.

Objetivo: analizar las condiciones de salud de la población afectada por el colapso de la presa minera desde la perspectiva de los profesionales y gestores sanitarios. Método: estudio de caso cualitativo, realizado por medio de documentos de dominio público y entrevistas a profesionales y gestores de salud, entre marzo y mayo de 2022, con un total de 14 participantes. Los datos fueron analizados según la estrategia de proposiciones teóricas a la luz de la Determinación Social de la Salud. Resultados: se considera el empeoramiento de las condiciones de salud en relación con los problemas respiratorios, la gastroenteritis, la obesidad, los arbovirus, la intensificación del consumo de alcohol y drogas, y las enfermedades mentales. Se destacan la pérdida del trabajo, del hogar, y de la pertenencia a la comunidad de los afectados. Conclusión: el desastre socioambiental fue un factor condicionante de alteraciones en las condiciones de salud de los afectados, exponiéndolos a nuevos escenarios y riesgos superpuestos capaces de modificar la calidad de vida y empeorar las condiciones de salud biopsicosocial.

Social Determination of the Health of Families from Two Neighborhoods in Medellín, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the health process, from the approach of the social determination of health in two neighborhoods in Medellín - Colombia, to contribute to the care of people, families, and collectives in their multidimensional reality. METHODS: Qualitative research from the ethnographic perspective, approaching the general dimension with documentary analysis of social policies and community documents, the particular dimension through focal groups and interviews to community leaders, and the singular dimension with the family visit. RESULTS: Families and collectives live within a sociocultural setting of resistance, overshadowed by moments of flight and displacement derived from violence, with scant participation in city plans and programs and with structural problems of economic and political exclusion. They constructed the territory as space and shelter in the weave that protects and violates them, with processes from uprooting to rooting. The families have maintained protective processes, like family participation in decision making, knowledge on health care, among others, and destructive processes, like informal labor and job instability, without spaces for recreation and with limitations in transportation, in access to health programs and in obtaining food. CONCLUSIONS: The health of the families has been determined by historical exclusion to work to obtain resources for a minimum vital subsistence, which is why they suffer social vulnerability due to few opportunities for development; they have lived a transformation process of the territory with resistance, solidarity, and construction of social networks.

Thinking with and Against the Social Determinants of Health: The Latin American Social Medicine (Collective Health) Critique from Jaime Breilh.

The concept of the social determinants of health has become increasingly accepted and mainstream in anglophone public health over the past three decades. Moreover, it has been widely adopted into diverse geographic, sociocultural, and linguistic contexts. By recognizing the role of social conditions in influencing health inequalities, the concept challenges narrow behavioral and reductive biological understandings of health. Despite this, scholars and activists have critiqued the concept of the social determinants of health for being incomplete and even misrepresenting the true nature of health inequities. Arguably, these critiques have been most thoroughly developed among those working in the Latin American social medicine and collective health traditions who formulated the "social determination of health" paradigm and the concept of interculturality decades prior to the advent of the social determinants of health. We draw on Jaime Breilh's main works, with a focus on the recently published book, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health, to (1) provide a broad overview of the social determination of health paradigm and its approach to interculturality and (2) clarify how these ideas and the broader collective health movement challenge assumptions within the social determinants of health concept.

Social Determination of the Health of Families from Two Neighborhoods in Medellín, Colombia / Determinación social de la salud de las familias de dos barrios de Medellín, Colombia / Determinação social da saúde das famílias em dois bairros de Medellín, Colômbia

Objective. To understand the health process, from the approach of the social determination of health in two neighborhoods in Medellín - Colombia, to contribute to the care of people, families, and collectives in their multidimensional reality. Methods. Qualitative research from the ethnographic perspective, approaching the general dimension with documentary analysis of social policies and community documents, the particular dimension through focal groups and interviews to community leaders, and the singular dimension with the family visit. Results. Families and collectives live within a sociocultural setting of resistance, overshadowed by moments of flight and displacement derived from violence, with scant participation in city plans and programs and with structural problems of economic and political exclusion. They constructed the territory as space and shelter in the weave that protects and violates them, with processes from uprooting to rooting. The families have maintained protective processes, like family participation in decision making, knowledge on health care, among others, and destructive processes, like informal labor and job instability, without spaces for recreation and with limitations in transportation, in access to health programs and in obtaining food. Conclusion. The health of the families has been determined by historical exclusion to work to obtain resources for a minimum vital subsistence, which is why they suffer social vulnerability due to few opportunities for development; they have lived a transformation process of the territory with resistance, solidarity, and construction of social networks.

Objective. To understand the health process, from the approach of the social determination of health in two neighborhoods in Medellín - Colombia, to contribute to the care of people, families, and collectives in their multidimensional reality. Methods. Qualitative research from the ethnographic perspective, approaching the general dimension with documentary analysis of social policies and community documents, the particular dimension through focal groups and interviews to community leaders, and the singular dimension with the family visit. Results. Families and collectives live within a sociocultural setting of resistance, overshadowed by moments of flight and displacement derived from violence, with scant participation in city plans and programs and with structural problems of economic and political exclusion. They constructed the territory as space and shelter in the weave that protects and violates them, with processes from uprooting to rooting. The families have maintained protective processes, like family participation in decision making, knowledge on health care, among others, and destructive processes, like informal labor and job instability, without spaces for recreation and with limitations in transportation, in access to health programs and in obtaining food. Conclusion. The health of the families has been determined by historical exclusion to work to obtain resources for a minimum vital subsistence, which is why they suffer social vulnerability due to few opportunities for development; they have lived a transformation process of the territory with resistance, solidarity, and construction of social networks.

Objetivo. Compreender o processo de saúde, a partir da abordagem da determinação social da saúde em dois bairros de Medellín, para contribuir com o cuidado de indivíduos, famílias e grupos em sua realidade multidimensional. Métodos. Pesquisa qualitativa na perspectiva etnográfica; abordou a dimensão geral com análise documental de políticas sociais e documentos comunitários, a dimensão particular por meio de grupos focais e entrevistas com lideranças comunitárias e a dimensão singular com a visita familiar. Resultados. Famílias e grupos vivem em um espaço sociocultural de resistência, matizado por momentos de fuga e deslocamento derivados da violência, com pouca participação nos planos e programas da cidade e com problemas estruturais de exclusão econômica e política. Construíram o território como espaço e refúgio na urdidura que os protege e os viola, com processos de desenraizamento ao enraizamento. As famílias têm mantido processos protetivos como a participação da família na tomada de decisões, o conhecimento dos cuidados de saúde, entre outros, e processos destrutivos como o trabalho informal e a precarização do emprego, sem espaços de lazer e com limitações no transporte, no acesso aos programas de saúde e na obtenção de alimentos. Conclusão. A saúde das famílias tem sido determinada pela exclusão histórica do trabalho para obtenção de recursos para um mínimo vital de subsistência, pelo qual sofrem vulnerabilidade social devido às escassas oportunidades de desenvolvimento; vivenciaram um processo de transformação do território com resistência, solidariedade e construção de redes sociais.

Territórios indígenas e determinação socioambiental da saúde: discutindo exposições por agrotóxicos / Indigenous territories and socio-environmental determination of health: discussing exposure by pesticides

RESUMO As etapas que envolvem a cadeia produtiva de commodities agrícolas produzem possibilidades diferenciadas de vulnerabilidade nas populações, afetando a situação de saúde dos povos indígenas. O uso de agrotóxicos é uma atividade intrínseca aos monocultivos. A exposição a essas substâncias gera desfechos negativos agudos e crônicos na saúde humana e contaminação no ambiente. De modo a contribuir com o debate no campo da Saúde Coletiva, o texto direciona as discussões ao estado de Mato Grosso, onde estão vários povos indígenas, enfrentando a produção de commodities e desfechos em saúde relacionados com os agrotóxicos. Para isso, recorremos à determinação socioambiental do processo saúde-doença, organizando uma matriz de indicadores que enfatizam as escolhas e as omissões do Estado nas questões ambientais, incorporando historicidade nos processos de adoecimento. Os impactos da cadeia de commodities agrícolas e as exposições por agrotóxicos em territórios indígenas são um problema intersetorial que se vincula a violação de direitos humanos, direito à terra, à saúde e à segurança alimentar e nutricional. As respostas devem ser consideradas em uma perspectiva articulada entre os setores econômico, político, ambiental e da saúde, com participação e decisão da população indígena nas etapas dos processos.

ABSTRACT The stages involving the agricultural supply chain produce different possibilities of vulnerability in populations, affecting the health situation of indigenous peoples. The use of pesticides is an activity intrinsic to monocultures. The exposure to these substances generates acute and chronic negative outcomes in human health and contamination in the environment. In order to contribute to the debate in Public Health, the text directs the discussions to the state of Mato Grosso, where are several indigenous peoples, facing the production of commodities and health outcomes associated to pesticides. For that, we resort to the socio-environmental determination of the health-disease process, organizing a matrix of indicators that emphasize the choices and omissions of the State in environmental issues, incorporating historicity in the processes of illness. The impacts of the agricultural commodities chain and exposures by pesticides in indigenous territories are an intersectoral problem that is linked to the violation of basic social rights, such as the right to land, health, and food and nutritional security. The responses must be considered in an articulated perspective between the economic, political, environmental, and health sectors, with participation and decision by the indigenous population in the stages of the processes.

A colonização do saber epidemiológico: uma leitura decolonial da contemporaneidade da pandemia de COVID-19 / The colonization of epidemiological knowledge: a decolonial reading of the contemporaneity of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O ensaio epistemológico relaciona criticamente a epidemiologia com a pandemia de COVID-19 enquanto evento social. Explora-se a reflexão filosófica em que Agamben define contemporâneo como quem é capaz de se afastar e enxergar o lado escuro do seu tempo. À luz da crítica decolonial, questionam-se a ideia de "transição epidemiológica", com sua transcendência na teoria dos "determinantes sociais de saúde", e a disposição binarista das varáveis epidemiológicas, como suportes da estruturação quantitativa e biomédica da epidemiologia dos fatores de risco. A pretensão científica de domínio da natureza e o engendramento de um tempo histórico linear e evolutivo, que inicia com a modernidade ocidental, contextualizam os epistemicídios dos saberes populares e a colonização do saber epidemiológico. Historiciza-se a constituição do pensamento crítico decolonial e pontua-se seu potencial para a revelação do caráter estrutural da colonização do saber epidemiológico. Considera-se o futuro pós-pandemia e relacionam-se as ideias de bifurcação, originada de Ilya Prigogine e elaborada por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, e inédito viável, de Paulo Freire com a concepção do tempo como criação e a expectativa de transformação social.

Abstract This paper makes a critical assessment of epidemiology with the COVID-19 pandemic as a social event. It examines the philosophical reflection in which Agamben defines as contemporary those able to stand back to see the dark side of their own era. In the light of decolonial criticism, the concept of "epidemiological transition," with its theory of transcendence of "social determinants of health" and binarism of epidemiological variables as supports of the biomedical and quantitative structuring of the epidemiology of risk factors is queried. The scientific ambition to dominate nature and the engendering of a linear and evolutionary historical time, beginning in western modernity, contextualizes the epistemicides of popular wisdom and the coloniality of epidemiological knowledge. The theoretical constitution of decolonial thought is historically analyzed, highlighting its greater critical potential to reveal the structural colonization of epidemiological knowledge. The post-pandemic future is considered and Prigogine's idea of bifurcation - as elaborated by Sousa Santos - and Paulo Freire's untested feasibility are related with the concept of time as the creation and expectation of social transformation.

Vulnerable Workers and COVID-19: Insights from a Survey of Members of the International Commission for Occupational Health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted on the health and wellbeing of populations directly through infection, as well as through serious societal and economic consequences such as unemployment and underemployment. The consequences could be even more severe for those more vulnerable to the disease, such as the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. Indeed, there is evidence that such vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected in terms of both, their health and the socioeconomic impact. The aim of our study was to determine whether occupational health (OH) professionals thought that the COVID-19 pandemic might further disadvantage any particular group(s) of vulnerable workers globally, and if so, which group(s). A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of OH professionals by means of an online questionnaire which was shared via email within the ICOH (International Commission for Occupational Health) community. Data was collected over a period of two weeks in May 2020 and 165 responses from 52 countries were received. In this paper, the responses relating to questions about vulnerable workers are reported and discussed. Globally, our responders felt that those in less secure jobs (precarious employment (79%) and informal work (69%)), or unemployed (63%), were the most at risk of further disadvantage from this pandemic. The majority felt that their governments could act to mitigate these effects. There were suggestions of short-term alleviation such as financial and social support, as well as calls for fundamental reviews of the underlying inequalities that leave populations so vulnerable to a crisis such as COVID-19.

La epidemiología crítica y el despojo de tierras y territorios: una reflexión teórica / Critical Epidemiology and Dispossession of Lands and Territories: A Theoretical Reflection / A epidemiologia crítica e o despojamento de terras e territórios: uma reflexão teórica

Resumen Introducción: la epidemiología crítica, como propuesta epistémica para comprender los procesos de salud, articula un sistema conceptual e instrumental que permite explicar cómo la salud y la enfermedad están determinadas socialmente. Para el caso de la población rural, el impacto de fenómenos geopolíticos como el acaparamiento y el despojo de tierras y territorios es determinante de sus procesos de salud-enfermedad. A lo largo de este artículo de reflexión teórica, se presentan una serie de enfoques y categorías propuestas por Jaime Breilh, quien ha sido pionero en la materia, e identifica su potencial para explicar la incidencia de dichos fenómenos en la modificación de los modos de vida y en la situación de salud de la población rural. Desarrollo: algunos componentes sustanciales de la epidemiología crítica, en relación con su pertinencia teórica y metodológica para analizar el despojo de tierras y los procesos de salud, son: la presencia de lo social en la epidemiología; la dimensión procesual y espacio-temporal; lo macro y lo micro: unidad y jerarquía; procesos protectores y destructores de la salud; y el concepto de metabolismo sociedad-naturaleza. Conclusiones: el despojo de tierras en Colombia ha sido de gran magnitud, y su resolución se considera un tema central para la construcción de la paz en el posconflicto. Desde el marco teórico de la epidemiología crítica, se posibilita adelantar investigaciones para abordar la incidencia del despojo, y el acaparamiento de tierras y territorios, en la situación de salud colectiva de la población rural. Este tipo de abordajes ha tenido poco desarrollo en el país y cobra importancia en el contexto actual, bajo el cual el extractivismo creciente amenaza los procesos vitales de las comunidades agrarias.

Abstract Introduction: Critical epidemiology, as an epistemic proposal for understanding health processes, articulates a conceptual and instrumental system that allows explaining how health and disease are socially determined. In the case of the rural population, the impact of geopolitical phenomena such as land grabbing and dispossession of lands and territories is a determinant of their health-disease processes. Throughout this article of theoretical reflection, a series of approaches and categories proposed by Jaime Breilh, who has pioneered the subject, is presented and their potential to explain the incidence of these phenomena in the modification of ways of live and the health situation of the rural population. Development: Some substantial components of critical epidemiology in relation to their theoretical and methodological relevance to analyze land dispossession and health processes are the presence of the social in epidemiology; the procedural and spatial-temporal dimension; the macro and the micro: unity and hierarchy; protective and destructive health processes, and the concept of society-nature metabolism. Conclusions: The dispossession of land in Colombia has been of great magnitude, and its resolution is considered a central issue for the construction of post-conflict peace. From the theoretical framework of critical epidemiology, it is possible to carry out research to address the incidence of dispossession and the grabbing of lands and territories, in the collective health situation of the rural population. This type of approach has had little development in the country and becomes important in the current context, where growing extractivism threatens the vital processes of agrarian communities.

Resumo Introdução: a epidemiologia crítica como proposta epistémica para compreender os processos de saúde, articula um sistema conceitual e instrumental que permite explicar como a saúde e a doença estão determinadas socialmente. Para o caso da população rural, o impacto de fenômenos geopolíticos como a mono-polização e despojamento de terras e territórios, é determinante de seus processos de saúde-doença. Ao longo deste artigo de reflexão teórica se irão a apresentar uma série de enfoques e categorias propostas por Jaime Breilh, quem tem sido pioneiro na matéria, e se irá identificando seu potencial para explicar a incidência de ditos fenômenos na modificação dos modos de vida e na situação de saúde da população rural. Desenvolvimento: alguns componentes substanciais da epidemiologia crítica em relação com a sua pertinência teórica e metodológica para analisar o despojamento de terras e os processos de saúde, são: a presença do social na epidemiologia; a dimensão processual e espaço-temporal; o macro e o micro: unidade e hierarquia; processos protetores e destrutores de saúde; e, o conceito de metabolismo socie-dade-natureza. Conclusões: o despojamento de terras na Colômbia tem sido de grande magnitude e sua resolução considera-se um tema central para a construção da paz no pós-conflito. Desde o marco teórico da epidemiologia crítica possibilita-se adiantar pesquisas para abordar a incidência do despojamento, e a monopolização de terras e territórios, na situação de saúde coletiva da população rural. Este tipo de abordagens tem tido pouco desenvolvimento no país e toma importância no contexto atual onde o extrativismo crescente ameaça os processos vitais das comunidades agrárias.

La determinación social, una visión epistemológica para comprender el proceso salud-enfermedad / Social Determination an Epistemological Vision to Understand the Health-Disease Process / A determinação social, uma visão epistemológica para compreender o processo saúde-doença

Resumen Introducción: la investigación en salud ha sido dominada por el paradigma positivista y, en menor escala, por la tendencia fenomenológica. El artículo presenta, de manera general, las tesis y las características de esas interpretaciones, sus implicaciones para el conocimiento de la salud y su determinación, así como las contribuciones y los aspectos que contiene la perspectiva de la determinación social latinoamericana frente a la comprensión de la complejidad y el movimiento de la salud. Desarrollo: el artículo aborda la discusión teórica sobre el proceso salud-enfermedad en el marco de la determinación social: sus dimensiones y relaciones, en la interfase entre salud, ambiente y sociedad, y el papel que ha cumplido el pensamiento crítico para superar las limitaciones del positivismo, replanteando la construcción de la salud como objeto de conocimiento y acción, en disputa para rebasar el marco funcionalista y avanzar en la construcción de una visión emancipadora de las ciencias de la salud y el ambiente. Conclusiones: la perspectiva latinoamericana ha contribuido de manera sistemática con la construcción de una propuesta de salud compleja que se disputa en diversos campos: en la investigación, la acción colectiva, la política y el Estado.

Abstract Introduction: Health research has been dominated by the positivist paradigm and, on a smaller scale, by the phenomenological tendency. The article presents the theses and characteristics of these interpretations, its implications for health knowledge and its diagnosis, as well as the contributions and aspects that the perspective of the Latin American social determination contains toward the understanding of health complexity and movement. Development: The theoretical discussion about the health-disease process, within the framework of social determination: its dimensions and relationships, at the interface between health, environment and society, and the role played by critical thinking in overcoming the limitations of positivism, reconsidering the construction of health as an object of knowledge and action, in a dispute to go beyond the functionalist framework towards the construction of an emancipatory vision of the health and environmental sciences. Conclusions: The Latin American perspective has systematically contributed to the construction of a complex and emancipatory health proposal disputed in various fields: research, action, politics and the state.

Resumo Introdução: a pesquisa em saúde tem sido dominada pelo paradigma positivista e em menor escala pela tendência fenomenológica. O artigo apresenta de maneira geral, a tese e características dessas interpretações; suas implicações para o conhecimento da saúde e sua determinação; assim como as contribuições e aspetos que contém a perspectiva da determinação social latino-americana frente à compreensão da complexidade e movimento da saúde. Desenvolvimento: o artigo aborda a discussão teórica sobre o processo de saúde-doença (s-e), no marco da determinação social: suas dimensões e relações, na interface entre saúde, ambiente e sociedade e o papel que tem cumprido o pensamento crítico para superar as limitações do positivismo reformulando a construção da saúde como objeto de conhecimento e ação, em disputa para ultrapassar o marco funcionalista e avançar na construção de uma visão emancipadora das ciências da saúde e o ambiente. Conclusões: a perspectiva latino-americana tem contribuído de maneira sistemática a construir uma proposta de saúde complexa que se disputa em diversos campos: na investigação, a ação coletiva, a política e no Estado.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes: Social Determination of Health.

As of 18 October 2020, over 39.5 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 1.1 million associated deaths have been reported worldwide. It is crucial to understand the effect of social determination of health on novel COVID-19 outcomes in order to establish health justice. There is an imperative need, for policy makers at all levels, to consider socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pandemic planning. Cross-sectional analysis from COVID Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research COVID Racial Data Tracker was performed to evaluate the racial and ethnic distribution of COVID-19 outcomes relative to representation in the United States. Representation quotients (RQs) were calculated to assess for disparity using state-level data from the American Community Survey (ACS). We found that on a national level, Hispanic/Latinx, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, and Black people had RQs > 1, indicating that these groups are over-represented in COVID-19 incidence. Dramatic racial and ethnic variances in state-level incidence and mortality RQs were also observed. This study investigates pandemic disparities and examines some factors which inform the social determination of health. These findings are key for developing effective public policy and allocating resources to effectively decrease health disparities. Protective standards, stay-at-home orders, and essential worker guidelines must be tailored to address the social determination of health in order to mitigate health injustices, as identified by COVID-19 incidence and mortality RQs.